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Article History

Received: 25 July 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 27 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is conducted in accordance with the ethical committee guidelines of the University of Education, Multan Campus, Pakistan, to uphold the highest standards of research integrity. All participants granted informed consent to partake in the study conducted in Pakistan. The privacy and security of personal information are prioritized during data collection in accordance with the ethical committee’s guidelines. The ethical board committee of the Department of Research and Innovations approved this study under approval number SBE/BUS/7922780/2023, dated January 1, 2024. The study’s protocols received approval from the University. The data collection recruitment period spans from February 9, 2024, to March 1, 2024. Informed consent forms in written according to institutional guidelines attained.

: The survey aimed for a total sample size of 420 participants, with informed consent forms prepared in accordance with institutional guidelines, and the study received approval from the Board. The study’s protocols received approval from the University of Education Human Subjects Committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.