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Article History

Received: 18 August 2025

Accepted: 18 November 2025

First Online: 16 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All methods were conducted following relevant guidelines and regulations. The study involved voluntary participation, with informed consent obtained from each respondent, and ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Research Review Ethics Committee (IRREC) at the Universiti Teknologi MARA. The REC approval code is REC/07/2024 (PG/MR/299). All participants signed the informed consent form, which required them to agree to the following: (1) participants must be over 18 years of age; (2) participants authorize the review, analysis, and use of the records generated by this study; (3) participants understand the nature and scope of the study; (4) participants have fully read and comprehended all terms and conditions of the study; (5) participants agree to participate in this research and comply with the research procedures; and (6) participants may withdraw from this study at any time without providing any reason

: The authors informed all respondents of the potential risks associated with the survey. As part of the informed consent process, participants signed a consent form, and consent was obtained from all participants for the publication of anonymized data.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.