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Article History

Received: 25 May 2025

Accepted: 23 November 2025

First Online: 6 December 2025

Declarations

:

: λ This study used an anonymous questionnaire survey of adult participants and collected no personally identifiable information. According to institutional and national guidelines for minimal-risk survey research, formal ethical review and approval were not required. λ All participants were informed of the study purpose and voluntarily agreed to participate. Completion and submission of the questionnaire constituted informed consent.

: λ Participants were informed that aggregated, anonymized findings could be published for academic purposes, and they consented to such publication.

: This study was conducted using an anonymous questionnaire survey, and no personally identifiable information was collected from participants. In accordance with relevant institutional and national research ethics guidelines, ethical review and approval were not required for this type of study. All participants were informed of the research purpose and voluntarily agreed to participate. Completion and submission of the questionnaire were considered as informed consent. The data collected were used solely for academic research purposes and have been anonymized to ensure confidentiality.

: Statement Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.