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Article History

Received: 11 July 2025

Accepted: 28 November 2025

First Online: 19 February 2026

Declarations

:

: In accordance with the standards of the Research Ethics Committee of National Changhua University of Education, this study was classified as minimal risk and did not involve vulnerable populations, personally identifiable information, or any intrusive procedures. Therefore, it met the criteria for exemption from formal ethical review.Furthermore, the study was conducted in accordance with the core principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All participants were provided with clear and sufficient information regarding the purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits of the study, as well as their rights, including the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study. For participants under the age of 18, consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.