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Authors
He, Xingbang
Qin, Jiayi
Ran, Xiaoxia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (22XSH017)
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Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for the original data collection was obtained by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) project team, organized by the National Survey Research Center, Renmin University of China. Informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of data collection. This study is a secondary analysis of public available, anonymized CGSS data, and therefore did not require additional ethical approval or participant consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
