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Authors
Sahabuddin, Chuduriah
Azis, Sulihin
Irmayani, Naim
Basri, Basri
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture (111/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024)
the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture (111/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024)
the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture (111/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024)
the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture (111/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024)
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Article History
Received: 13 June 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 23 January 2026
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Al Asyariah Mandar University (Approval No: 224/EC-LPPM-UNASMAN/VI/2025). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were provided with information regarding the research objectives, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the confidentiality of their responses. They were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
