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Education sustainability through interactive modules and learning autonomy to improve self directed learning among middle school students with PLS SEM random forest and XGBoost

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-02508-8

Published Online: 2025-12-30

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Ibrahim, Nurzengky

Safitri, Desy

Marini, Arita

Pratama, Iqbal

Marfu, Asep
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Kementerian Riset, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-12-30

Version of Record valid from 2026-02-02
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Article History

Received: 13 September 2025

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 30 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The protocol of this study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Jakarta, under approval number Approval No. 019/UNJ/I/2025, January 15, 2025, in accordance with the national research ethics guidelines of Indonesia. All procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. For participants under the age of 18, consent was obtained from a parent and/or legal guardian.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors confirm that no AI-generated content was used to write the main text of this manuscript. AI-powered tools were only used to assist with grammar checking, language editing, and improving clarity in certain sections. All intellectual contributions, study design, data analysis, and interpretations were conducted solely by the authors.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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