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Article History

Received: 12 August 2025

Accepted: 17 December 2025

First Online: 28 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University (Approval No. 066/03/2024), in accordance with the College’s 2021 Standard Operating Procedures. All methods were carried out in line with the Institutional Research Ethics Guidelines of Addis Ababa University, which adhere to internationally accepted principles, including the Declaration of Helsinki—Ethical Principles for Research Involving Human Subjects (2013 revision). Participants were informed about the purpose, methods, potential risks, and benefits of the study. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was conducted at the household level, and all participants were over 18 years of age. The researchers respected the dignity, autonomy, culture, customs, and privacy of the participants. Anonymity was ensured to minimize potential risks.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that there are no competing interests related to this work.