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Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Accepted: 26 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and ethical standards outlined by the approving ethics committee. Before enrolling participants, informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. The participants provided their verbal consent after being informed about the purpose, nature, and intended outcomes of the research. Participation was entirely voluntary, and strict confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the data collection process. For participants under the age of 18, consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian. The protocol for this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), in accordance with ICARDA’s ethical guidelines and relevant national regulations. Prior to the design and implementation of the study, all necessary permissions were obtained from the respective provincial authorities.

: Consent to the publication of this research, confirming all necessary approvals and participant consents were obtained.

: The authors declare no competing interests.