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Authors
Abdurrohman,
Sunardi,
Subiyantoro, Edi
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Article History
Received: 7 September 2025
Accepted: 26 December 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitas Merdeka Malang, approval number 14/UNMER/XII/2024. Data were collected from March to May 2025, and all ethical approval procedures were completed prior to the commencement of data collection. Participants were recruited via purposive sampling and provided written consent after being informed of the study objectives, procedures, and their rights, ensuring voluntary participation and confidentiality.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
