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Article History

Received: 13 August 2025

Accepted: 1 January 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee for Scientific Research of the University. All research activities were conducted in accordance with the Institutional Ethical Guidelines for Scientific Research of the University and strictly complied with the Vietnam Government’s Personal Data Protection regulations stipulated in Decree No. 13/2023/ND-CP (April 17, 2023). No experimental procedures involving human subjects were conducted. Data were collected solely through minimal-risk survey research to assess participants’ perceptions. The ethics committee approved the use of verbal consent for this study. All participants were informed about the study objectives, voluntarily provided verbal consent prior to participation, and retained the right to withdraw at any time without consequences. All survey data were collected anonymously, stored securely, and used exclusively for academic purposes.

: All participants were fully informed about the objectives, procedures, potential risks, andbenefits of the study. Informed verbal consent to participate was obtained from each participantprior to the completion of the survey, as approved by the Ethics Committee for ScientificResearch of the University. Participation was voluntary, and participantsretained the right to withdraw at any time without negative consequences. No participants underthe age of 18 years were involved in this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.