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Authors
Ferdinan,
Abdillah,
Rahman, Abd
Bahtiar, Abd Rahman
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Article History
Received: 28 October 2025
Accepted: 12 January 2026
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
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: This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar. All research activities were conducted in accordance with institutional and national ethical guidelines. All participants were informed about the nature, purpose, and voluntary nature of the study. Informed consent was obtained from all individuals involved.
: Participants were informed that the results of the study would be published in academic journals. Written and verbal consent for publication was obtained prior to data collection.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
