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Article History

Received: 7 September 2025

Accepted: 17 January 2026

First Online: 31 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical procedures. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (IRERC) at Gambella University. The local authorities in the study area also granted permission. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants before data collection. Participation was voluntary, and the target respondents were informed about the purpose of the study and their right to withdraw at any time. Before data collection, all participants were provided with verbal and written descriptions of the study’s purpose, procedure, risks, and benefits. All participation was completely voluntary, and each participant provided written consent. Participants were assured that all their responses would be confidential and that they could stop participating in the study at any time without any penalty.

: All study participants and/or their legal guardians (s) provided informed consent for the publication of the data in anonymized form in an online open-access publication. No personal or identifying information or images of participants were included in this study.

: There are no conflicts of interest to declare.