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Article History

Received: 18 September 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 29 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The research involving human subjects complied with the Declaration and Guidelines of Ethical Human Research at Universitas Airlangga and received ethical approval from the Vice Director I (Academic) of the Graduate School, Universitas Airlangga. All methods conducted in studies involving human subjects adhered to the ethical criteria set out by the institutional and/or national research committee, as well as the 1964 Helsinki statement and its subsequent revisions or equivalent ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were free to decline or withdraw at any time without any negative consequences.

: All participants were informed that the findings of this research would be reported in scientific publications and presentations. They consented to the use of their anonymized and aggregated data for publication and academic dissemination purposes.

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.