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Article History

Received: 17 May 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All participants were provided with consents that highlight their voluntary participation, how the data will be used in the research and how their confidentially will be maintained during and after the study. Additionally, it should be noted that the present research was approved under the approval code: 3208/UN35.15/TU/2025 dated 19/06/2025 by the ethics committee of Universitas Negeri Padang. Consent was obtained for all participants, and no individuals under the age of 18 were included in the study, in accordance with ethical standards. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the confidentiality of their responses. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection, in accordance with ethical research standards.

: The authors declare no competing interests.