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Article History

Received: 18 August 2025

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 1 February 2026

Declarations

:

: According to the Regulations on the Organisation and Management of Scientific and Technological Activities and Ethical Standards in Teaching and Research at International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City., research that involves only anonymous, voluntary surveys of adult participants without the collection of identifiable or sensitive personal data is classified as minimal risk and is therefore exempt from formal ethics approval. Based on these regulations, the present study did not require additional ethics approval.

: was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.

: All participants were informed about the purpose of the study and voluntarily agreed to participate. No clinical trials were involved in this research. The study was conducted in accordance with the Regulations on the Organisation and Management of Scientific and Technological Activities and Ethical Standards in Teaching and Research at the International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City.

: Not applicable.

: Clinical Trial Number: not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.