Document is current

Article History

Received: 18 September 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 17 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of International Business Administration, Administrative and Human Sciences Faculty, University of Modern Sciences, Sana’a, Yemen. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and followed the guidelines established by the University of Modern Sciences for research involving human participants. The approval process included a comprehensive review of the research proposal, data collection instruments, participant information sheets, and consent procedures. All aspects of the study, including questionnaire design, participant recruitment, data handling, and confidentiality protocols, were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee prior to data collection commencement. Participants were provided with written informed consent forms that explained the study’s objectives, their rights, and responsibilities. As the data was gathered through a survey, this acted as written consent. Participants were assured they could withdraw from the study at any time without consequence and that their participation was completely voluntary.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.