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Article History

Received: 10 September 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 26 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee, Jeddah International College (Ref: PG219) in accordance with the applicable ethical guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study. Participation was voluntary, and the anonymity and confidentiality of all respondents were rigorously maintained throughout the research process. All participants were employees of small and medium-sized manufacturing companies in Saudi Arabia, aged 22 years or older. Participation was voluntary. Before completing the survey, each participant received an information sheet explaining the study objectives and procedures, minimal risks/benefits, confidentiality procedures, and the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. No personally identifiable information was collected; responses were anonymized, securely stored, and reported in aggregate form only. Correspondence: aalmalaise@kau.edu.sa (A.S.M.G.).

: The authors declare no competing interests.