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Article History

Received: 29 October 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 16 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Scientific Council of the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, under Decision No. 18/QĐ-HĐKH dated February 25, 2025. The Scientific Council functions as the institutional ethics review body of the University. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were informed about their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.