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Article History

Received: 21 November 2025

Accepted: 3 February 2026

First Online: 27 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical approval for the conduct of this research was granted by the Ethics Review Committee of Mindanao State University–Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT). Permission to conduct the study was also obtained from the relevant educational authorities and school administrators prior to data collection. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. School leaders, teachers, and students were fully informed about the objectives, procedures, and voluntary nature of the research. Participants were assured of confidentiality, anonymity, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Access to student academic records was granted through institutional authorization and handled in compliance with applicable data privacy and confidentiality regulations.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifiable data, images, or personal information. All results are reported in aggregated form, ensuring that no participant can be identified directly or indirectly.

: This study is not a clinical trial and does not involve any clinical interventions, patient recruitment, or medical experimentation. Therefore, no clinical trial registration, registry information, or trial identification number is required or applicable for this manuscript.