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Article History

Received: 8 September 2025

Accepted: 3 February 2026

First Online: 21 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All research procedures, including data collection, analysis, and reporting, were conducted in accordance with established ethical standards. The research proposal was reviewed and approved by the Graduate Research and Publication Ethics Committee of Mizan-Tepi University, dated 15/02/2020. Furthermore, the research was carried out in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent amendments, as well as the National Research Ethics Review Guideline issued by the Ethiopian Ministry of Science and Technology ( ).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their enrollment in the study. Participants were provided with a comprehensive explanation of the study’s aims and procedures and were required to give informed consent before data collection commenced. To maintain confidentiality and protect participant privacy, all data were anonymized, and no personally identifiable information was included in the final dataset or report. These measures were undertaken in compliance with internationally accepted ethical standards for research involving human subjects.

: All authors confirm that they have seen and been allowed to read both the material and the article to be published by Discover Sustainability.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.