Sumarjo, Wahid
Triatmanto, Boge
Respati, Harianto
Article History
Received: 5 October 2025
Accepted: 4 February 2026
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The study adhered to institutional and national ethical guidelines, including the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitas Merdeka Malang (Approval No. 18/UNMER/XII/2024). All participants provided informed consent to take part in the study, with parental or legal guardian consent obtained for those under 18 years of age.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.