Nuryanto, Uli Wildan
Basrowi, Basrowi
Mahadewi, Erlina Puspitaloka
Article History
Received: 24 August 2025
Accepted: 4 February 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The protocol of this study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitas Bina Bangsa, under approval number 900/UNIBA/III/2024, dated March 12, 2024, in accordance with the national research ethics guidelines of Indonesia. All procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors declare that, in the process of preparing this manuscript, generative AI tools (such as ChatGPT) were used only to assist with language refinement and grammar correction. All content, analyses, ideas, and interpretations in this study were entirely generated by the authors, and AI was not used to create, analyze, or draw research conclusions.