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Article History

Received: 7 November 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 21 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The Ethical Review Board Members of Adama Science and Technology University’s College of Humanities and Social Sciences state that no human or animal subjects, data, or biological materials were used during the research. The data was collected using a quantitative method administered via questionnaires, and selected TVET instructors willingly responded the questions. As a result, the Ethical Review Board members of Adama Science and Technology University’s College of Humanities and Social Science waive the need for Ethical Approval in accordance with the Adama Science and Technology University Research Guidelines. The authors declare that this research did not utilize human or animal subjects, their data, or biological materials and therefore Ethical Review Board of the College of Humanities and Social Science of Adama Science and Technology University waived the need of the Ethical Approval. All instructors of TVETs who responded to the questionnaires gave their agreement to participate, i.e., Informed Consent was obtained from the instructors.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: In this research, no clinical trial has been carried out.