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Authors
Fowé, Tazen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-8881
Traoré, Karim https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3634-3955
Ouédraogo, Mathieu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6581-6287
Yonaba, Roland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3835-9559
Zorom, Malicki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0182-9131
Bologo/Traoré, Maïmouna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4225-5354
Toé, Patrice https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0209-9772
Karambiri, Harouna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4835-1427
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
World Bank through the Africa Centre of Excellence Project (IDA 6388/D443-BF)
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Article History
Received: 18 November 2025
Accepted: 12 February 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: The data collection carried out in this research required informed consent, which was obtained verbally from all participants. Verbal consent was chosen to ensure that respondents clearly understood the research’s objectives, their voluntary participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. The authors confirm that the ethical procedures implemented in this research were in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. The research protocol was carried out following the guidelines listed in the ethics statement of the International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE) Ethics Committee Board, which waived his approval. Verbal informed consent was obtained prior the interview from all individual participants included in this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
