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Authors
Mohamed Saliah, Sadhik https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-5738
Nadarajan, Santhirasegaran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-9088
Teong, Lim Kong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4905-0282
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Article History
Received: 10 August 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 25 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with relevant institutional and international ethical guidelines, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical review and approval were obtained from the Research Ethics Committee (Jawatankuasa Etika Penyelidikan – JKEP) of Universiti Utara Malaysia before data collection commenced. All procedures involving human participants adhered to UUM’s research ethics policies and regulations. Informed oral consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The purpose of the research, voluntary participation, confidentiality, and intended publication of anonymized data were explained prior to data collection. All participants freely agreed to share information for academic research purposes. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant institutional and international ethical guidelines and regulations applicable to research.
: All participants provided Informed oral consent for the publication of anonymized data. No identifiable personal information is included in this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
