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Article History

Received: 3 August 2025

Accepted: 17 February 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study obtained ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of Cape Coast. Therefore, this study followed the institutional ethical guidelines (e.g., voluntary participation, informed consent and transparency, confidentiality and anonymity, right to withdraw, minimal risk, non-deception, data protection, respect and dignity, use limitation and responsible reporting). The ethical clearance with serial number IRB UCC-498/2024 was approved on 19-05-2025. All participants in this study provided freely given, informed consent to participate. Participation was voluntary and respondents could withdraw at any time without penalty. All data have been anonymised and have been used just for the study purposes. The participants were family heads aged above 18 years, drawn from Kalakpa communities in Ghana.

: The study does not include any identifiable images or personal data of participants. Therefore, consent to publish is not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.