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Article History

Received: 1 December 2025

Accepted: 17 February 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Approval was obtained from the Universiti Malaya Research Ethics Committee (Non-Medical) (UM.TNC2/UMREC_3243, 5 March 2024). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were 18 years of age or older and given voluntary, formal informed consent before data collection started. Participants were comprehensively informed of the study’s objective, their right to withdraw at any time without consequence, the voluntary aspect of their participation, and the measures implemented to guarantee anonymity and secure data storage. The permission process complied with all relevant institutional and ethical norms for research involving human subjects.

: Not applicable.

: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.