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Authors
Osman, Mowlid Mohamed https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7848-8631
Abdulle, Abdikani Yusuf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7739-439X
Gutale, Ugas Ali https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6348-2009
Ali, Ali Mohamed https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3721-6882
Abdi, Adno Nur https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7430-4659
Mohamed, Abdullahi Abdirihman https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0106-7110
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 23 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Jamhuriya University Research Ethics Committee (JUREC) under approval number JUREC/0156/ECOM/052025. The committee reviewed the protocol in accordance with institutional, national, and international ethical guidelines, including the principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Approval was granted on 5 June 2025 following review of the application submitted on 5 May 2025 and evaluated on 27 May 2025. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in full compliance with JUREC regulations and relevant ethical standards.
: Individual participants in the study gave informed consent in compliance with ethical approval standards. The participants received thorough information about the purpose of the study, the goals of the research, and how the data were used. Given the circumstances of the study, the ethical committee deemed verbal consent to be adequate. In accordance with ethical research norms, participants were guaranteed confidentiality of their answers and anonymity.
: Not applicable. This study does not contain any identifiable personal data or images.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
