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Authors
Vu, Linh Hoang
Nguyen, Anh Ngoc
Nguyen, Tu-Anh
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (502.01-2021.31)
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Article History
Received: 14 June 2025
Accepted: 5 March 2026
First Online: 28 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study uses secondary data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS), which was collected and publicly released by the General Statistics Office (GSO) of Vietnam. The data are fully anonymized and contain no personally identifiable information. As the study involves secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data, ethical approval was not required. The study is based on secondary analysis of anonymized household survey data collected by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, for which informed consent was obtained by the data-collecting agency at the time of the original survey.
: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual-level identifiable data, images, or personal information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
