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Authors
Albaity, Mohamed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-8392
Thangavelu, Shanmugam https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0388-4828
Ibrahimy, Ahmad Ibn https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2414-2957
Bakather, Adnan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9016-1307
Aftab, Muhammad https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4164-4147
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Article History
Received: 2 November 2025
Accepted: 5 March 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable. This study utilizes publicly available secondary data from commercial databases (BankFocus, WIPO, Yale EPI, World Bank). No human subjects, animals, or primary data collection were involved.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
