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Authors
Yeshiwas, Almaw Genet
Temesgen, Abathun
Ayele, Wolde Melese
Ahmed, Ahmed Fentaw
Kassa, Assefa Andargie
Tsega, Tilahun Degu
Ayalew, Chalachew Abiyu
Yemata, Getaneh Atikilt
Shimels, Tesfaneh
Anteneh, Rahel Mulatie
Yirdaw, Getasew
Mekonen, Habitamu
Mekonnen, Berhanu Abebaw
Alemayehu, Meron Asmamaw
Tsega, Sintayehu Simie
Yigzaw, Zeamanuel Anteneh
Ejigu, Amare Genetu
Addis, Wondimnew Desalegn
Malkamu, Birhanemaskal
Teym, Abraham
Sharew, Kalaab Esubalew
Adane, Daniel
Bayeh, Gashaw Melkie
Yenew, Chalachew
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Article History
Received: 8 September 2025
Accepted: 6 March 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for the original Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) was obtained by the ICF International Institutional Review Board (IRB). This secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available data was conducted in accordance with the DHS Program’s data use protocol, which adheres to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The ICF International IRB waived the need for additional ethical approval for this analysis.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians during the DHS Program's primary data collection. For this retrospective analysis of de-identified, publicly available data, the ICF International Institutional Review Board (IRB) waived the requirement for additional informed consent.
: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifiable data.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
