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Article History

Received: 1 October 2025

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received formal approval from the Ethical Research Committee and the Academic Committee of the Center for Business Administration at Sana’a University. All research procedures were conducted in accordance with established ethical guidelines and institutional requirements. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study. Participants were assured of confidentiality, and no personal identifiers such as names or titles were included in the questionnaires.

: All participants provided explicit consent for the use of anonymized data in scientific publications. The consent process clearly indicated that all data would be treated confidentially, and no personal identifiers were collected or disclosed in the questionnaires.