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Authors
Khudari, Mohamed
Al Hashimi, Naama
Harun, Nor Hamisham
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Article History
Received: 11 October 2025
Accepted: 12 March 2026
First Online: 28 March 2026
Declarations
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: The study uses publicly available secondary data from the World Bank, IEA, and WEF databases; therefore, no ethical approval was required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
