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Article History

Received: 27 October 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 9 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study adhered to institutional and national ethical guidelines, including the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Jakarta (Approval No. 19/UNJ/IX/2024). All participants provided informed consent to take part in the study, with parental or legal guardian consent obtained for those under 18 years of age.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.