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Authors
Nugraheni, Peni
Anggraini, Lidia Citra
Darma, Emile Satia
Muhammad, Rifqi
Priahita, Aisy Raeghinaa
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education Indonesia
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Article History
Received: 1 April 2025
Accepted: 26 March 2026
First Online: 5 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the research ethics committee of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is further certified that the study was conducted in accordance with the research ethics guidelines of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Prior to data collection, the purpose of the research was explained to all respondents (owners and managers of MSMEs), and they were assured of the confidentiality of their responses. Participation was entirely voluntary. Returning the completed questionnaire was taken as implicit consent to participate.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
