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Article History

Received: 10 December 2025

Accepted: 31 March 2026

First Online: 5 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The need for ethics approval was waived by the Institutional Research Ethics and Deontology Commission (CED-R) of the International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE Institute) after reviewing the data collection instruments. The research was carried out in accordance with the 2iE Research Ethics and Deontology Charter. All participants were adults and were fully informed about the study’s purpose, implications, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. The study did not involve any medical or laboratory experiments on human subjects, nor did it collect biometric or health-related data. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifiable data (including names, photographs, or personal details). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Respondents were informed about the study objectives, data confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any time.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.