Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 December 2025

Accepted: 2 April 2026

First Online: 19 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical review and approval were waived by the Research & Extension Division, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), acting under the authority of the Committee for Advanced Studies and Research (CASR), which serves as the institutional body responsible for reviewing research compliance. The waiver was granted because the study involved adult human participants and employed only non-invasive, minimal-risk social science survey methods, without any medical experimentation, biological sample collection, vulnerable populations, or clinical or intervention-based procedures. Therefore, in accordance with the Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC) National Research Ethics Guidelines (2011; revised 2023), formal Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was not required. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant national and institutional guidelines and regulations, including the Bangladesh Medical Research Council National Research Ethics Guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision). Prior to participation, all respondents were informed about the study objectives, voluntary participation, anonymity, confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection, and no personally identifiable information is included in this manuscript. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences.

: Not applicable. This study does not include any identifiable images or personal data of participants.

: The authors declare no competing interests.