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Article History

Received: 3 November 2025

Accepted: 6 April 2026

First Online: 21 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study does not involve human participants or animals. The research is based entirely on secondary data obtained from a publicly available dataset (UC Irvine Machine Learning Repository). Therefore, formal ethical approval was not required. This manuscript has been edited with the assistance of 'Grammarly' for grammar correction and stylistic improvements. All content, intellectual contributions, and final interpretations remain the responsibility of the authors, who have thoroughly reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Not applicable. The study uses publicly available secondary data and does not involve direct participation of human subjects.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including personal details, images, or videos).

: The authors report no competing interests.