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Authors
Ulum, Bahrul
Sunardi, Sunardi
Supriadi, Bambang
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Article History
Received: 5 October 2025
Accepted: 6 April 2026
First Online: 26 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study adhered to institutional and national ethical guidelines, including the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universitas Merdeka Malang (Approval No. 19/UNMER/XII/2024). All procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. All participants provided informed consent to take part in the study, with parental or legal guardian consent obtained for those under 18 years of age.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to declare.
