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Article History

Received: 20 November 2025

Accepted: 8 April 2026

First Online: 21 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that the study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. In addition, a written ethical approval letter, referenced (mu-rcsd/0039/24), was obtained from Mekelle University Research and Community Services Directorate (RCSD) before the data collection process. Verbal informed consent was obtained from the female-headed household heads before their participation. This was because most of the study participants were illiterate to provide written consent. Their consent was recorded using audio recorders.

: All authors and research participants have agreed to publish the submitted manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.