Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 January 2026

Accepted: 13 April 2026

First Online: 25 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection from the Ethical Review Committee of the Nigeria Police Academy, Kano, which reviewed the study protocol and confirmed compliance with institutional regulations and international ethical standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki. The Committee does not issue written approval letters or reference numbers; therefore, no formal document was available. Additional ethical clearance was granted by the Ethics Committee of Universiti Utara Malaysia (Ref. No. UUM/COLGIS/GSGSG/904335; 15 June 2025). All procedures adhered to ethical principles of voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymity. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Participants were provided with clear information about the study’s purpose, procedures, confidentiality, and data handling. Participation was entirely voluntary, and consent was indicated by completing the survey.

: Not applicable, as the study does not include any identifiable personal data, images, or case details that require individual consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.