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Article History

Received: 2 October 2025

Accepted: 15 April 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved human participants and the collection of primary data through structured household surveys of farm households in Nigeria. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional and national ethical guidelines and regulations, and in full compliance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 1964, and its subsequent amendments). The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the University of Ilorin Ethics Committee (Approval No. 65763), in accordance with the University’s ethical guidelines and regulations.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. Participants were adequately informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their right to withdraw at any stage without any negative consequences. No minors were involved in the study. All responses were anonymized, and strict confidentiality was maintained throughout data collection, analysis, and reporting. No personally identifiable information was disclosed.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). All data presented are aggregated and anonymized.

: The authors declare no competing interests.