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Authors
Putra, Alfyananda Kurnia
Sumarmi, Sumarmi
Bachri, Syamsul
Khalidy, Diky Al
Purwanto, Purwanto
Pujianto, Utomo
Syamsunardi, Syamsunardi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Direktorat Riset Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (0419/C3/DT.05.00/2025)
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Article History
Received: 10 October 2025
Accepted: 17 April 2026
First Online: 2 May 2026
Declarations
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: All procedures involving human participants in this study were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Malang (Approval No. 23.09.06/UN32.14.2.8/LT/2075). The study was conducted in accordance with the 7 WHO 2011 Standards and the 2016 CIOMS Guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Given that the participants are minors, formal informed consent was also systematically obtained from their parents or legal guardians prior to the commencement of the Virtual Reality intervention and any subsequent data collection.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
