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Article History

Received: 29 January 2026

Accepted: 28 April 2026

First Online: 10 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical clearance with reference number (HRE 2023 − 0177 was obtained through the institutional review process of the University of Nigeria Research Ethics Committee. Following an evaluation of the study design and its classification as minimal risk, the Committee authorized the study to proceed without the need for additional review by an external ethics body.

: All research activities were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the University of Nigeria and the principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Participants provided informed consent before taking part in the study. Participation was voluntary, and individuals faced no consequences or loss of benefits for choosing not to participate. The study did not collect or report any personally identifiable or sensitive information. All data were handled confidentially, analyzed in anonymized form, and used exclusively for academic research purposes.

: All authors have read and approved the final manuscript and consent to its publication. The manuscript has not been published previously and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.