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Article History

Received: 16 September 2025

Accepted: 8 May 2026

First Online: 26 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or primary data collection. The research relied exclusively on secondary macroeconomic data obtained from publicly available databases, including the World Bank, IMF, and OICStat. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Informed consent: This study did not involve human participants. The data utilized in this research was secondary in nature, obtained from previously published sources, and did not require direct participation or consent from individuals.

Competing Interests: The authors declare no financial, personal, or professional conflicts of interest that could have influenced the study’s results or interpretation. This transparency ensured the objectivity and reliability of the research, reinforcing the validity of its conclusions.