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Authors
Mohamad, Zam Zuriyati
Razak, Rizalniyani Abdul
Mansor, Nur Aliah
Kumaran, Vikniswari Vija
Ridzuan, Abdul Rahim
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (Fundamental Research Grant Scheme FRGS/1/2023/SS01/UTAR/02/2)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (Fundamental Research Grant Scheme FRGS/1/2023/SS01/UTAR/02/2)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (Fundamental Research Grant Scheme FRGS/1/2023/SS01/UTAR/02/2)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (Fundamental Research Grant Scheme FRGS/1/2023/SS01/UTAR/02/2)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (Fundamental Research Grant Scheme FRGS/1/2023/SS01/UTAR/02/2)
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Article History
Received: 13 October 2025
Accepted: 11 May 2026
First Online: 23 June 2026
Declarations
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: The research protocol for this study was reviewed and approved by Scientific and Ethical Review Committee (SERC) of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (Re: U/SERC/262/2023). It is further certified that the study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (Act 709) of Malaysia. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and their informed consent was obtained before the data collection.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
