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Article History

Received: 15 January 2026

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 29 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Malang (Approval No. 26.9.10/UN32.20/PB/2025) on 16 September 2025. The research was conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants, including the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable national research ethics standards in Indonesia. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants involved in the study prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed about the purpose of the study, procedures, and their right to withdraw at any time.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.