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Authors
Alabani, Kassim https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0262-9366
Afful, Benedict Jr. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7461-2275
Taale, Francis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5689-3037
Abokyi, Eric https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1149-2931
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Article History
Received: 7 April 2026
Accepted: 20 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study uses secondary data from publicly accessible databases and does not involve human participants, animals, or confidential information. As such, ethical approval was not required. This study is based exclusively on secondary data obtained from publicly available international databases. The research does not involve human participants, personal data, or sensitive information. As such, ethical approval was not required in accordance with institutional and journal guidelines. Not applicable. The study relies solely on secondary, country-level data from publicly accessible sources and does not involve direct interaction with human participants.
: Not applicable. No individual-level, personal, or identifiable data were collected or used in this study. In addition, all authors agreed to publish this paper.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
