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Article History

Received: 14 January 2026

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 10 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study does not involve human participants, clinical trials, or animal subjects at this conceptual stage. Therefore, ethical approval was not required. For the subsequent empirical phase involving survey data collection from restaurant operators in Malaysia, ethical clearance will be obtained from the relevant institutional review board prior to data collection. This manuscript presents a conceptual framework and does not involve direct participation of human subjects at this stage. In the future empirical phase of the study, informed consent will be obtained from all participating respondents prior to data collection.

: The author confirms that this manuscript is original, has not been published elsewhere, and is not under consideration by any other journal. The author consents to the publication of this manuscript if accepted by the journal.

: The authors declare no competing interests.